Special Time is Special

I have a short anecdote that really showed me how important Special Time is, no matter how humdrum it may seem from the outside from time to time.

This summer we had planned a visit to the equivalent of Disney Land in Sweden. The boys, 5 and 7, had never been there and had been looking forward to the visit for many months.The theme park was a long drive away and very pricey so we planned a full day there, getting there early and staying until they closed which was past the boys’ bedtime.

Knowing how cranky they got without a full night’s sleep, we prepared them to get in their pyjamas and go straight to bed as soon as we got home, which meant no Special Time or toothbrushing. The boys looked at each other with startled eyes when I said this and asked to discuss it by themselves in another room.

They returned saying that they would rather leave the theme park a couple of hours early so that they could get home in time to have Special Time! And they get Special Time every day so it would have meant missing just one of 365 days in the year!

- Leigh Jamison, Parenting by Connection Instructor, Sweden

Visit Leigh’s website Heart to Heart (Heart to Heart English Translation available)

You can also read more about the listening tools taught by Hand in Hand in the Listening to Children series.

What’s Wrong With Time Outs?

Most parents nowadays try not to use physical punishment. Many have been advised instead to use modern child management: timeouts. But any child can explain to you that timeouts are actually punishment.

What’s wrong with Timeouts?

On the surface, Timeouts seem sensible. They give everyone a chance to calm down. Supposedly, they teach kids a lesson.

Well, I have bad news for you. It’s true that timeouts are infinitely better than hitting, and yelling. But Timeouts teach the wrong lessons, and they don’t work to create better behaved children. In fact, they always worsen kids’ behavior.

Why? Because any child can explain to you that timeouts ARE punishment, not any different than when you were made to stand in the corner as a child. And any time you punish a child, you make him feel worse about himself.

Here’s what happens when you use timeouts:

1. Timeouts make kids feel bad about themselves. You confirm what she suspected – she is a bad person. Not only does this lower self esteem, it creates bad behavior, because people who feel bad about themselves behave badly.

As Otto Weininger, Ph.D. author of Time-In Parenting says:
“Sending children away to get control of their anger perpetuates the feeling of ‘badness” inside them…Chances are they were already feeling not very good about themselves before the outburst and the isolation just serves to confirm in their own minds that they were right.”

2. Kids need our help to learn to calm themselves. Sure, a child will eventually calm down if confined to “the naughty step” or their room, but what they’ll be learning is that they are all alone with their most difficult feelings and problems. The fastest way to teach kids to calm themselves is to provide a “holding environment” for the child, giving him the message that his out of control feelings are acceptable and can be managed.

3. You’re breaking your child’s trust in you by triggering his fear of abandonment. Banishing an upset child is pushing him away just when he needs you the most. Worst of all, instead of helping him to calm down, it triggers his innate fear of abandonment. If gives him the message that only his “pleasant” feelings are ok, that his authentic, messy, difficult feelings – part of who we all are – are unacceptable and unlovable.

4. Instead of reaffirming your relationship with your child so she WANTS to please you, timeouts create a power struggle.They set up a relationship that pits you and your authority against the child. It’s true that as long as the parent is bigger than the child, the parent wins this power struggle, but no one ever really wins in a parent-child power struggle. The child loses face and has plenty of time to sit around fantasizing revenge. (Did you really think she was resolving to be a better kid?)

5. Because you have to harden your heart to your child’s distress during the timeout, timeouts erode your empathy for your child. Yet your empathy for this struggling little person is the basis of your relationship with him, and is the most important factor in whether or not he behaves to begin with. So parents who use timeouts often find themselves in a cycle of escalating misbehavior.

So timeouts, while infinitely better than hitting, are just another version of punishment by banishment and humiliation. To the degree that Timeouts are seen as punishment by kids – and they always are — they are not as effective as positive discipline to encourage good behavior.

So if you’re using them as punishment for transgressions, that’s a signal that you need to come up with a more effective strategy. (see Why Positive Discipline, and Handling Your Own Anger.)

And if you’re using them to deal with your kids’ meltdown, that’s actually destructive, as I mentioned, because you’re triggering your child’s abandonment panic. If you want to teach your child emotional self-management, that’s only effective before a meltdown starts. When you realize your child is getting to that dangerous over-wrought place, suggest that the two of you take some “cozy time” – snuggle up and read a book. Some parents call this a “Time IN” because it signals to the child that this is a time to experience his emotions, so he can let them go and move on.

Once the meltdown starts and your child is swept with emotion, it’s too late for teaching. Just stay nearby so you don’t trigger his abandonment panic, and stay calm. Don’t give in to whatever caused the meltdown, but offer your total sympathy and be ready to reassure him of your love once he calms down.

I want to add that Timeouts are a terrific management technique for keeping your own emotions regulated. When you find yourself losing it, take five. This keeps you from doing anything you’ll be sorry about later. It models wonderful self-management for your kids. And it ultimately makes your discipline more effective because you aren’t making threats you won’t carry out.

Parents who use timeouts are often shocked to learn that there are families who never hit, never use timeouts, and rarely raise their voices to their children. But you shouldn’t need to use these methods of discipline, and if you’re using them now, you’ll probably be quite relieved to hear that you can wean yourself away from them.

And remember, this too shall pass!

-Dr. Laura Markham of Aha! Parenting

You can hear more about Setting Limits Without Saying “Time Out” here.

Staylistening at Bedtime

My 5 year-old has always been clingy with me, especially at bed time. Tonight I decided I would do StayListening with him. I sat with him for awhile, and we chatted and giggled. The whole time he worried about me leaving though. He would ask every time I changed my sitting position, “Are you leaving now?” And he would say, “Please don’t go. I don’t want you to go. You’re mine. Nothing of mine can leave.”

When I’d say I was leaving, he would climb on top of me and say, “No, I don’t want you to leave. You have to stay. If you leave, you won’t ever come back. Then I can’t see you. I want to see you all day, and all morning, and all night, and in the afternoon, too!” No amount of, “I always think about you when I’m not with you. I’ll still love you even when I’m not here. I’ll come back in just a bit to check on you. Even when you fell asleep, I always come to see you and check on you,” helped with his separation anxiety.

So I kissed him good night, and pried myself, legs, then hands, away from his hold, and left his bed. He started to cry while repeating, “You have to stay!” I sat down half way across the room on a chair, and said, “I’m here. I’ll always be here. I’ll always love you, for ever and ever and ever and ever and ever…” After awhile, he stopped crying and tried to come to me. I asked him to stay in bed and said I’ll be right here.

He sat at the edge of the bed and said, “You’ll be right there? You won’t leave? You have to stay!”

That’s when I realized I wasn’t quite far away enough for him to work through all the feelings. So I said, “I’ll be here for awhile, then I’ll leave. Do you know I’ll always love you?” He said, “No I don’t. I’ll forget.” I guess I shouldn’t have been surprised, but I was a bit taken
aback nonetheless. I assured him, “I will always love you, even when I can’t be with you.”

Then he surprised me with, “Even when we are dead?”

I’ve known that he’s been working on issues with death since he found out about one of my miscarriages about a year ago. He became fascinated with death especially after having been introduced to Van Gogh’s art and life at school. The death question hadn’t come up for a few months. And I was really surprised that it came back in a moment like this. But I said, “Yes honey, my love will still be with you even when we’re dead.”

There were more tears, “I don’t want to die. I don’t want you to die.”

“I know honey. I know. I’ll still love you.” (I was in tears, too, by now.)

“I want other people to die. But I don’t want to die.” (I admit, this made me chuckle a bit.)

“My love will still be with you even when I can’t be with you. Will you remember that I’ll always love you?” (More tears on my part.)

Then I said, “Look I’ll show you. I’ll be on the other side of the door, and I’ll still love you. No, I won’t keep the door open.” He became upset again and cried, “But then I can’t see you.” When he calmed down eventually, I waved goodbye to him. I sat outside his door, and closed the door. He cleared his throat, I cleared my throat. He giggled, I giggled back. He coughed a bit, I coughed, too. There was more laughter now, and he started clapping. I clapped back. He laughed a few times then said he didn’t like it. So I stopped echoing him. He signaled a few more times and I didn’t reciprocate. Then he said, “I like it now. Do it again!” So we went back and forth on it some more.

Eventually I said, “OK, you go to sleep now. Do you remember that I love you?” He said, “OK! Yes. Do you remember I love you?” I said yes, and he yawned.

I sat for a few more minutes and asked him a couple of more times if he remembered that I love him. He said yes and was quiet. Less than 10 minutes later I went in to check on him as promised, and he was asleep. I kissed his cheek. He opened his eyes a bit and nodded when I asked if he remembered I loved him. And then he went back to sleep.

The whole thing probably took an hour, which is no more than if I had stayed with him, or just left him. And it was a lot less stressful for both of us. I felt like I knew what I was doing. And he went to sleep calmly by himself. I hope his anxiety about separation (and maybe death?) is a bit relieved, too.

The next night we went through this again, but the session was shorter. Over the next few weeks, it became a ritual that I’d sit outside his door while he fell asleep. Sometimes he would come out and drag the chair over for me. Other times he would agree that I would do work or wash dishes instead of sitting by his door. Occasionally when he had trouble falling asleep, he would come out to make sure I was still there and get a hug. Then he would go back inside, leave the door ajar just a bit, and get back in bed and go to sleep. I still stay with him to chat for a bit in his bed after our bedtime stories. Occasionally I fall asleep while snuggling with him. But over all, bedtime had been much less struggle for both of us.

~A Parenting by Connection Instructor in California

You can read more about Parenting by Connection tools in the Listening to Children booklets or get a download of our Helping Children Sleep Audio.

Listening Time Makes a Difference

I was teaching a Playful Parenting class one night and the topic was how we notice when our children disconnected. A woman volunteered to come up and demonstrate what her son acts like when he is disconnected. She got to move her body a lot and ‘feel’ what it might feel like for him. We all sat and watched her show us what it looked like, and afterwards I gave her some listening time. She then said she had a really different perspective of what it must be like for him when he is in that place.

She came back the next week with exciting news. She said that when she left the last class she went to pick up her son. She immediately recognized that he was in disconnect. In the past she hadn’t noticed his vacant stare and had gone about talking with the babysitter for a minute or two before moving to the car without taking time to reconnect. She said trying to leave always ended up in a big messy meltdown.

But on the night after that class she recognized he was in need of connection after their time apart and decided to engage him in some play before they even thought about leaving. They played a little chase game and “oh where, oh where has my son gone?” She said it was like magic. Not only did they reconnect and have fun, but he left happily, and when they got home he had an incredibly easy bedtime. His father brought him from the car, laid him down, and he was able to fall asleep in his own bed without ever getting up once, which was highly unusual for him.

It seemed to me that the attention of the group allowed her to see her son more clearly and get a better understanding of his experience. As a result she was able to come up with a great spontaneous solution that made the transition to the car much smoother.It’s amazing what just a little bit of listening can do!

-Join Certified Instructor Kirsten Nottleson in her Building Emotional Understanding course. Starts May 8. Learn more.

10 Minutes A Day Can Curb The Hitting

Dear Hand in Hand,

My 5 year old son keeps hitting his friend and is disrespectful to people, how can I fix this? I am a stay at home mom, my husband is gone months at a time for work so it is just my son and I. I currently stay home with my son and watch two other little boys during the day as well. My problem is that my son has been hitting the other 5 year old that comes to our house during the day. This has been going on for a month now. He will punch him in the stomach or in the arm. He also does not act sorry when he does these things, and will often times act like it is no big deal. I have tried taking away toys, time outs, no movie night, stayed home form events and none of this is working. My home needs to be a safe positive environment for my son and these two precious little boys that come here, what should I do?

-Needs Hitting Help

Dear Hitting Help,

This sounds like a tough situation all around, but one we can certainly help with. Here’s an article about how you can help children with aggression that will give you some concrete steps to take to calm the situation. The simple answer is that children who act on aggressive impulses are scared. Children don’t want to hurt other children. They would much rather play and have fun and laugh together. But when children have moments when they don’t feel fully connected to the caring grownups in their life, it’s scary for them and that fright comes out in off-track behavior.

Each day, before the other children arrive, spend 5-10 minutes with your son doing whatever it is he chooses to do with that time. Give him your full attention and warmth. Show him the cooperation and flexibility you’d like to see from him for the rest of the day. Be goofy with him. Laugh together. Take that time to remind him that you care, that you really do see him, that you are offering him a safe connection. Let him soak in some of that wonderful attention before the other children get there and your focus is divided by three. Then, when the timer goes off ending this Special Time, let your son know that when the other children leave, the two of you can have 5-10 more minutes together and you’ll do whatever it is that he wants to do.

There’s no way to tell how much missing his dad contributes to this situation. Here is an article on helping with separation, because those kinds of long absences can be very difficult for some children. There are many other materials on our website that might also help.

The safe and positive environment you are working for is right there. It just may have some feelings crusting over and making it look kind of messy right now. We’ll be happy to help you brighten it up a bit with some Special Time and there is a lot more support available for you in our upcoming free teleseminar, “No More Hitting” or a lengthy discussion of your children’s feelings in our Listening to Children set.

Let us know how it goes,
Julianne Idleman

Pick Up Special Time With Your Picky Eater

Dear Hand in Hand,

My son is the pickiest eater I have ever met. Everything has to be completely unblemished. Food cannot have touched anything else which might discolour it. And on top of this, he eats almost only white food. I don’t want to force food on to him, or make eating a traumatic experience, but I would like to get more nutrients in him than pasta and bagels. Is this normal? Or is there perhaps a psychological issue underlying there?

Thanks,
Avoidant Eater

Dear Avoidant,

In my experience, fears that have attached to certain foods, or to the look and smell of certain foods, are not necessarily related to foods. The symptom of the fear–the strong aversion to certain foods–is so riveting and concerning that the aversion gets all of the parent’s attention and worry, while the underlying fear goes untouched, so the aversion doesn’t move. You can’t pour honey on a fear, or dress it up, or talk a child out of it. A fear is a feeling, and no logic or trick can pry a feeling out of a child.

What can get a feeling moving so that the child has some room to change his behavior and be open to new things is this strategy:

First, give him Special Time often. Time, spent with the parent offering closeness and attention, to do just what he wants to do. Special Time is limited by a timer that ticks until his Special Time is over. The parent doesn’t advise, doesn’t teach, doesn’t say what will be played or how it will be played. The parent follows the child’s lead, and offers warmth and extra eye contact during the Special Time. Once a day would be great.

What Special Time does is to “warm up” the child’s sense of support and closeness to his parent. If he’s going to face some fears and come through that more confidently, he needs the direct, warm attention of his parent. Be delighted. And when it’s over, give him a big hug and tell him when the next time will be.

Often, at the end of Special Time, a child will find a way to be upset. Maybe he won’t want Special Time to end. Maybe he only wants to sit in THIS chair, not THAT chair for dinner. Maybe one food touched another food, and this upsets him. Allow the upset. When children cry and tantrum, they are doing something highly worthwhile! It’s hard to comprehend because we’ve been told otherwise for so many years, but crying and tantrums are a release valve for fear and upset! Move close, and do what we call Staylistening. Stay, listen, don’t try to argue or be reasonable. The unreasonable feelings are pouring out. This is healthy. This will help him, if you can pour in your caring and your support as he cries. You don’t have to say much. It will help him immensely if you can show that you don’t think the sky will fall because Special Time is over, or because someone else sat in THIS chair that he wants, or because the peas touched his potatoes.

There’s more about all this in an article that outlines this intervention more fully: here is Getting Beyond “Yuck!” with your Picky Eater, Part 1 and Part 2, and below. You can also get a more in depth look at Special Time and Staylistening in our Listening to Children series.

One last idea: in these articles, I describe a game that works great with picky eaters. You pretend, with great flourish, to be a picky eater. You examine your food, make faces and noises, hold it up and drop it back on your plate, and go “Eeeewwwww!” with a twinkle in your eye. The laughter that ensues will also help him release some of that fear and aversion…it’s a process, but it works!

Have an interesting time with these ideas! Let us know how it goes.

Thanks,
Juli Idleman

Special Time Spills the Beans

One day my oldest daughter (11 at the time), had a friend over after school. I don’t usually approve of that since they have to finish their homework before they can play with friends, but both girls promised me they had very little homework, and they said they would finish it first thing. I gave in to that argument, and decided to give it a try.

When we first came home they had a snack, and then they were off to do their homework. After a short while they both said they had finished their homework, and went off to play. After the friend left, we had some time before dinner, and I felt like my daughter hadn’t had any Special Time in a couple of days, so I offered to do some. We had a short time together but she was mostly interested in the TV and not really connected to me. After our time was over, I went to the kitchen to start dinner preparations.

As I was making the food, she came and sat on the counter right next to me and said, “I’m such a bad girl. There you are doing all those nice things for me, and I always act terribly, not even thanking you, and lying to you all the time…” I looked at her as she was saying that, and told her that she is a great kid, and I love her a lot. I asked her gently if there was some more homework to be done, and she said, crying, that she hadn’t actually finished the homework she was working on with her friend. I told her that I know that she is a responsible kid, and that she could take care of her homework if she wanted to.

Even though we didn’t get very connected during our Special Time, she could sense my willingness, my love and the closeness that I was offering her. All of these made her feel uneasy with not saying the truth about her homework, but still she felt safe enough to step forward and say the actual truth. I could also feel how telling the truth, and crying about it, helped her feel much more calm and peaceful. Special Time really does build safety and closeness that last.

- Ravid Aisenman Abramsohn, Certified Parenting by Connection Instructor in Israel

You can read more about StayListening in the Listening to Children Series by Patty Wipfler.

- Certified Instructor Ravid Aisenman Abrahmsohn

Removing a Splinter and an Old Hurt

My seven-year-old had a splinter in his hand that needed to be removed. I told him we’d have to take it out and that we’d probably have to use a needle.

Throughout the day he kept asking questions about the ‘procedure’. What kind of needle would we use? Would it hurt? How much? Would it bleed? How long would it hurt? Why did we need to use a needle? What does infected mean? Why did it get infected? Etc.

I tried to answer all his questions clearly, honestly and thoroughly. I told him it might hurt some, but not as much as it would hurt if it continued to get infected and that taking it out would make it get better quicker. I reassured him that it was the best thing to do for his body and that he could cry as much as he needed to.

He’d ask these questions over and over throughout the day and seemed particularly concerned about if it would hurt and would there be blood. He seemed unsatisfied with my answers and I could tell by his ‘tightness’ about it that he was worried, but wasn’t outwardly expressing any emotions.

That evening I told my husband that we were going to be taking a splinter out of our son’s hand and asked if he could hang close with us. We all sat down on the couch. I was ready for big feelings. I held his hand and first tried with tweezers, but couldn’t get at the splinter. So I got the needle ready and told him I’d make small hole so the splinter could come out. This time he cried and said, “No, don’t do it!”

Both his dad and I listened warmly to him as he cried, letting him know we were sorry he was scared, but didn’t tell him it wouldn’t hurt. After a while the crying subsided and I told him again I’d make a small hole with the needle for the splinter to come out and touched the needle to his skin. Again he cried and said, “Don’t! It’s gonna hurt.” We listened some more until the tears subsided and then reminded him again, of what we were doing, He cried some more.

We had several rounds of this and then I remembered that he had been bitten by a cat in that exact spot when he was ten months old. Despite a trip to the ER and a shot of antibiotics while being confined in a ‘papoose’ to keep him from squirming, it had gotten infected. They had to consciously sedate him and do an incision to drain the infection. They told me he wouldn’t feel any pain and because he was sedated, he didn’t cry. I remember thinking at the time, ‘What is his body and brain doing with that pain?’ At the time I didn’t have the listening tools that I do today and didn’t know how to help him process the experience other than to comfort him.

I knew now that I should take the splinter thing slowly and let him get as many feelings out as he needed to. I would let him know I was going to get the splinter out, he’d cry for a while, then it would subside and I’d say it again. At one point I said, “I remember when you were in the hospital after the cat bit you and they had to make a cut on your hand to get rid of an infection?”

He stopped crying and looked right at me as if remembering, and then went on crying even harder. A couple of times I mentioned parts of the hospital experience. He’d look at me and listen real intently, then cry hard again. He asked his Dad to stay close (unusual for him and shows me he’s figuring out how to use this process.) I kept remembering that the crying isn’t the hurt; it’s the healing of the hurt.

With each cry his body seemed to relax just a bit more and he protested less. After about 45 minutes of this he said, “Okay, I’m ready. You can take it out now.” He held out his hand completely and was able to watch as I poked and pulled the splinter out. It was actually pretty tough but he was okay with it.

After we got it out and put ointment and a Band-Aid on he bounded off the couch and had a great evening playing with all of us. It seemed to me that by listening to him he got to be in charge of his body during the splinter removal and got to heal some of the old hurt of the cat bite and hospital experience while he was at it.

-Join Certified Instructor Kirsten Nottleson in her Building Emotional Understanding course. Starts March 27. Register now.

Staying With A Daughter’s Fears Helps Her Overcome Them

Dear Patty,

Recently our three year old daughter has been having trouble going to the bathroom. She had a rash about a week ago, all healed now, and still has fears about going because it was so painful that one time. Any ideas on helping her work through this?

We usually have to sit and talk about it until she is so uncomfortable (because she has to go so bad) that I just hold her until she goes, while she is crying and screaming “no!” I feel awful, but she is always in good spirits after it’s all done. This has been going on for about 4 days now and it’s really been hard for all of us, especially her! Thanks for any help!

-Potty Petrified

Dear Potty Petrified,

Here’s what I think will help your daughter the most. She’s working on her fear of the pain she had, but there’s no pain any longer. She can’t tell, because the emotional memory is embedded in her mind, and will be there until she’s able to cry it all through. What will help is for you to be serene with her while she faces her feelings. And not to postpone facing them, not to try to avoid her crying. She needs to have those cries, is built to have those cries, and as long as you are close by and supportive, all the best things are happening. You’re there, there’s no pain, it’s only old fear that’s rolling off. You can read more about this in our Helping Children Conquer Their Fears article.

So when you see that she needs to go, just get close, and tell her, “Sweetie, it’s time to pee. I’ll be with you.” and let the crying begin. You don’t need to force her to the toilet: at whatever point she begins to cry, that’s a place to stop, be present, stay with her, and wait until the crying subsides a bit. Then, say, “OK, here we go. The hurting is all over. I’ll stay with you so you can find that out yourself.” Then continue to stay, listen, and let her work on her fears. Most likely, since she’s been having such good long cries, she’s also working on other painful experiences…this pretext has become a good can-opener that lets her pour out other fears. You may see her yawn in the midst of crying–that’s a sign that what she’s working on was indeed something that involved illness or pain. We don’t know why, but yawns help the healing process when it’s a physical thing that happened to the child or grownup.

You don’t need to be afraid of this process, or to feel too badly for her. You did well by her, her body healed, and now, she’s healing from the feelings. With your warmth and help. Guide her along in this process, don’t talk too much (this distracts her from the work at hand, and doesn’t lessen that work, just wears you out and her too), and let her do the hard work, with you as her guide and partner. She’ll become more courageous in other ways because of this opportunity. I welcome you to join us for our free teleseminar on Overcoming Fears Through Play or read more in depth about your child’s emotions in our Listening to Children Set.

Let us know how it goes!

Yours,

Patty

Offering Support to A Challenged Infant

My daughter gave birth to a full-term 7 lb baby boy, with an Apgar score of 1,who couldn’t breathe on his own. He needed to be flown to a children’s hospital 90 miles away. My daughter’s dad drove her and her husband to the city to meet their baby when he arrived. I stayed behind to be with him, to make sure there was always family nearby.

My grandson kept having life-threatening emergencies–it took a good while to get him stabilized. I stayed right beside him, talking him through it all. Drugged up on morphine, he kept one eye open finding my eyes. I talked about what was happening, what people were doing to help him, how we would not leave him alone and would help him fight, that it was worth the fight, that I believed he could make it. After 2 hours or more, he was ready to be flown down, and I accompanied him on the flight. I felt very good about my participation in the fight for his life.

Since then, I want to tell you what a huge difference your podcast on “Helping Your Baby Sleep” is making for my daughter and her husband and newborn infant. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. That podcast is brilliant, and our little fellow, who had such a rough first hours and week of life, is getting listened to AND sleeping, so his Mommy and Daddy are, too.

Saturday and Sunday they listened to the crying he needed to do (Staylistened with him), and lo and behold, Sunday night he was able to sleep in his co-sleeper for several hours with just a hand on him. It was the first time that he slept without being held since they had brought him home from the hospital a week ago! He continues to need plenty of Staylistening each day, as I would expect, but he is nursing well, and he is thriving!

- Shelley in Bellingham

Learn more about the listening tools taught by Hand in Hand in the Listening to Children series, by taking an on-line Building Emotional Understanding class or by joining us for October’s free teleseminar: Overcoming Fears through Play.

We look forward to supporting you in your parenting!

Super-protective Factor: Tales of Parenting by Connection

Nurturing the Parent-Child Connection

Monthly Archives: October 2011